1º ESO GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

UNIT 1.  PLANET EARTH

In this unit, we study the planet Earth (its position in the universe, galaxy and solar system) and the characteristics that distinguish it from other planets.

Moreover, we go on analysing the rotation of the Earth and its revolution around the Sun, in addition to explaining the consequences of these movements. 

Finally, we end with the basic notions of locating and representing the Earth´s area, including maps, the geographic grid, projection systems and scale. 

Now thing about the following activity:

To begin with the unit, we have to study a specif vocabulary. Please copy it to your notebook.

1. Star	A star is a celestial body that generates its own light and heat. Our star is the Sun.
2. Planet	A planet is a celestial body that does not generate its own light or heat, which rotates around a star, from which it receives light and heat. Our planet is the Earth.
3. Satellite	A satellite is a celestial body that does not generate its own light, which rotates around a planet.
4. Asteroid	An asteroid is a small celestial body that rotates around a star.
5. Comet	A comet is a celestial body made up of a solid core of ice, which may have one or more gaseous tails.
6. Cardinal points	Cardinal points are basic points of reference that we use to know where we are on the Earth: north, south, east and west.
7. Latitude	Latitude is the distance of any one point on the Earth from the Equator. It can be north or south.
8. Longitude	Longitude is the distance from any one point on the Earth to the 0º line of latitude, or the prime (Greenwich) meridian. It can be east or west.
9. Parallels	Parallels are circles that run perpendicular to the axis of the Earth´s rotation.
10. Meridians	Meridians are semicircles that run from one pole  to the other.

In this link you will be able to practice the vocabulary. Check it!

https://quizlet.com/_8ta0lq?x=1jqt&i=1ct7u9

Let's practice with some contents of the unit in english:

Here you have a video about the Big Bang theory. If you are interested, watch it.

 Now, you have a link to explore the Solar System. Please click here:

If you want to practice what you know about the unit, please do this test:

UNIT 2. THE EARTH'S PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS. BASIC COMPONENTS.

In this unit you will begin to study the Earth's terrain and you will develop a knowledge of physical maps of the Earth. 

You will learn about the basic elements of the Earth's terrain and hydrosphere, which includes all the bodies of water on Earth.

This new knowledge will enable you to identify the basi forms of the terrain of the Earth (mountains, plains, pateaus, peninsulas, islands), as well as its seas oceans and coastlines. 

Like all units, you will have to study a specific vocabulary. Here you are the vocabulary of this unit. Please, copy it in your notebook.

1. Lithosphere	The lithosphere is the outer solid layer of the earth.
2. Hydrosphere	The hydrosphere is the combination of all the waters to be found on the earth.
3. Continent	The continent is a large extension of land above sea level that is surrounded by oceans and seas.
4. Islands	Islands are areas of land above sea level that are surrounded by water and are smaller than the continents.
5. Archipelago	An archipelago is a group of islands.
6. Relief	A collection of raised areas of terrain, plains, depressions, slopes, etc. on the surface on the earth.
7. Land above sea level	Land that emerge from the seas and oceans to form the continents and islands on the planet.
8. Land below sea level	Land beneath the water of the oceans and the seas.
9. Earthquakes	They are sudden movements of the earth's inner core released onto the surface. They are mostly located in areas where there is contact between tectonic plates.
10. Orogenesis	The process of mountain formation.

In this link you will be able to practice the vocabulary. Check it!

https://quizlet.com/_8yah0k?x=1jqt&i=1ct7u9

Information to your task:

If you want to know more about Pangea, please watch this video in spanish:

Now, here you are the last video that you need to watch in order to understand the water circle. Please, enjoy it and remember all the concept!

UNIT 3. THE EARTH'S PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS. THE CONTINENTS.

You have now learnt about the basic forms of the Earth's relief. In this unit we will apply this knowledge to the study of the terrain and waters on the six continents. 

Continent by continent, we will identify the main elements of relief, the most important islands and archipelagos and the Earth's major rivers and lakes. You will also learn about and identify the seas, coasts and the main coastal geographical feautures of the Earth.

As a result, you will develop a global vision of the Earth's phisical environment and its general characteristics. 

Like all units, you will have to study a specific vocabulary. Here you are the vocabulary of this unit. Please, copy it in your notebook.

1. Plain	Flat or gently rolling area of terrain located at an altitude of under 200 m
2. Depression	Area completely or mostly surrounded by higher land
3. Plateau	Plain located at an altitude of over 200 m.
4. Cape	A piece of land extending out into the sea.
5. Peninsula	An area of land almost surrounded by water. This part is called isthmus.
6. Gulf	Area of sea partly enclosed by the coastline
7. Sea	The salt waters that cover the greater part of the earth's surface.
8. Lake	Accumulation of water in a depression.
9. River	It is a continuous current of water that flow along a course or riverbed.
10. Mountain range	A series of mountains that are connected together generally to form a long line of mountains.

WORKING THE MAPS

                 ASIA                               AMÉRICA                          ÁFRICA            

       

               EUROPA                            OCEANÍA                      LA ANTÁRTIDA

        

UNIT 4. THE CLIMATE AND BIOCLIMATIC ZONES.

In this unit we will study the atmosphere and biosphere, which as you know are two of the Earth's outer layers.

This analysis will help you understand the importance of the atmosphere for life on earth, and to distinguish types of weather and use weather maps.

You will also learn how to locate the major climatic zones and the vegetation of the Earth's bioclimates. 

Like all units, you will have to study a specific vocabulary. Here you are the vocabulary of this unit. Please, copy it in your notebook.

1. Atmospheric weather	The state of the atmosphere over one place at a specific time.
2. Climate	The average state of the atmosphere over one place. It is identified by measuring the average temperature and precipitation levels of a place for at least thirty years.
3. Meteorology	The science that studies the weather and its changes.
4. Climatology	The science that studies the various types of climate.
5. Troposphere	This is where the weather phenomenan occurs. It is bound to the Earth by the force of gravity.
6. Atmosphere	It is a gaseous layer that surrounds the Earth and is bound to it by the force of gravity. It is composed of air, which is made up of water vapor and a mixture of gases (including nitrogen, oxygen, ozone and carbon dioxide).
7. Temperature	It is the amount of heat in the air.
8. Precipitation	It is the water that falls on the Earth's surface from the clouds (rain, snow or hail)
9. Atmospheric pressure	It is the weight of a column of air on a place.
10. Wind	It is the horizontal movement of air.

UNIT 5. THE EARTH'S MAJOR BIOCLIMATIC ZONES

The first part of this unit studies the areas created by the combination of climate and vegetation in different geographic zones of the Earth. These zones are mostly latitudinal and correspond to the torrid, temperate and frigid zones, but there are also azonal bioclimates.

The second part outlines the risks that the natural environment poses to life and to human activity. It also looks at the environmental changes caused by human action, and the international activities aimed at addressing them.

The geographical technique described in the unit is the creation of a climograph and commentary.

1. Torrid zone	It is the part of the Earth’s surface between the tropic of Cancer and the tropic of Capricorn. Characterized by a hot climate.
2. Temperate zone	It is the part of the Earth’s surface between the Arctic circle and the tropic of Cancer or between the Antarctic circle and the tropic of Capricorn. Characterized by temperate climate.
3. Frigid zone	The area or region between the Arctic circle and the North Pole or between the Antarctic circle and the South Pole. Characterized by frigid climate.
4. Mountains bioclimate	The temperatures drop according to altitude. Precipitation levels increase with altitude. Vegetation is staggered in tiers.
5. Equatorial bioclimate	Climate with consistently high temperatures, regular high precipitation levels and the principal vegetation is the rainforest.
6. Mediterranean bioclimate	Climate with little contrast in temperature, modest precipitation levels, and the principal vegetation is the Mediterranean woodland.
7. Oceanic bioclimate	Climate with fairly moderate temperatures, abundant precipitation levels, and the principal vegetation is the deciduous woodland.
8. Tropical biolimate	Climate with high temperatures, high but irregular precipitation levels, and the principal vegetation is the savannah or tropical woodland.
9. Continental bioclimate	Climate with contrast in temperatures, moderate precipitation levels, and the principal vegetation are taiga and grassland.
10. Desert bioclimate	Climate with contrast in temperatures, low and irregular precipitation levels, and the principal vegetation are cacti, thorny shrubs and grasses.

UNIT 6. SPAIN'S PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT AND BIOCLIMATES

This unit examines Spain’s physical environment and bioclimates. The first part deals with the geographical situation and elements of the natural environment. This covers the relief of the peninsula and islands, marine and inland waters (especially the distribution of rivers through drainage basins), and the climates and their vegetation. From this basis, the unit goes on to outline the major bioclimatic environments of Spain: oceanic, Mediterranean, subtropical and alpine. The content applies to all areas of Spain.

Now it is time to work with the maps. Print some copies for the class and practice it. 

                                             

1. Location	A place or situation occupied
2. Map	A drawing on a flat surface, of parts or features of a place, as of the earth.
3. The plains	The plains are located in low-lying areas of the Meseta Central, such as the river basins of the Duero, Tajo and Guadiana rivers.
4. Wetlands	They are areas covered by shallow water and they can dry up during the summer.
5. Aquifers	They are formed in areas with permeable rock.
6. Vegetation	The plants or plant life of a place.
7. Forest	A large area of land covered with trees and underbrush.
8. Scrublands	An area of scrub vegetation
9. Grassland	Land reserved for natural grass pasture
10. Landscapte	A section or area of natural scenery that can be seen from a single viewpoint.

UNIT 7. PREHISTORY

In prehistory we study its chronology, its sources and the different stages of human evolution. This is an open topic, as it can change according to new archaeological findings. Next, we explain the distinguishing characteristics of the three periods of prehistory: the Palaeolithic period, the Neolithic period and the Copper, Bronze and Iron Ages. For each period, we look at the chronology, the features of the physical environment, the way of life, the technological contributions and inventions, society, beliefs, and the forms of art.

1. History	It is the science that studies humanity´s past.
2. Prehistory	The period of time in the past before people could write.
3. Eras	They are long periods of time into which the humanity´s past is divided. These are prehistory and history. They are separated by the invention of writing (circa 3250 B.C).
4. Ages	They are shorter periods of time in the prehistory and history. These are the Stone, Copper, Bronze and Iron ages in prehistory, and the Ancient, Middle, Modern and Contemporary ages in history.
5. Nomad	Someone who lives by travelling from place to place.
6. Portable art	It refers to the small examples of Prehistoric art that could be carried from place to place
7. Cave painting	It was made on the walls and ceilings of caves or in natural huts.
8. Stone tools	It is a tool made of stone. It was used in the Palaeolithic society.
9. Tribal society	It is a group of twenty to thirty people, who were linked by family ties. It was the principal structure in the Palaeolithic society.
10. Livestock farming	Economic activity that arose in the Neolithic period.

Here you are some videos about the unit. Please, watch it for the next class:

By doing the following self-evaluation test, you can improve your skills:

UNIT 8. MESOPOTAMIA

We start the study of this unit with the ancient historical river civilisations. The first section introduces these civilisations chronologically and presents the political, economic, social, cultural and artistic changes they brought about. The rest of the unit focuses on the study of Mesopotamian civilisation: its territory and its historical evolution as marked by a succession of different peoples; the formation of the earliest monarchies and empires; economic activities marked by the importance of irrigation-based agriculture; the features of social organisation, beliefs and aspects of daily life, including a detailed analysis of the city of Babylon; and finally its cultural and artistic contributions.

1. River civilisation	Civilisation that grew up along the fertile banks of some of the largest rivers on Earth.
2. Empire	A group of nations, states or peoples ruled over by an emperor, empress, or other powerful sovereign.
3. City-states	They are independent cities.
4. Foreign trade	It is exchange of capital, goods and services across international borders or territories.
5. High priest	He supervised the worship of the gods and maintained the temples and their property.
6. Cuneiform	Mesopotamian society´s writing.
7. Code of Hammurabi	It provides information on the Mesopotamian mindset and the civilisation´s social differences. It was developed around 1760 BC.
8. Polytheistic	Belief in more than one god.
9. Ziggurat	A temple of Sumerian origin in the form of a pyramidal tower. It was formed by some entrances stairways, terraces and a sanctuary consecrated to a god.
10. Timeline	A line that shows the time and the order in which events have happened.

Now, let practice with the vocabulary. Open this link https://quizlet.com/_84p0jg?x=1qqt&i=1ct7u9 
and improve your knowledge.

UNIT 9. EGYPT

In this unit, we will study the ancient history of Egypt. This urban civilisation developed on the banks of the River Nile, and for many centuries it was contemporaneous to the Mesopotamian civilisation.
In ancient Egypt, absolute power was concentrated in the figure of the pharaoh, who was considered to be the son of Horus, the god of the sky.
The Egyptians had mastered writing, were polytheists, believed in an afterlife, and embalmed the bodies of their dead, which were buried in tombs.

1. Temple	A house of a god.
2. Mummification	To make a dead body into a mummy.
3. Hieroglyphic	Type of writing in which pictures or symbols represent ideas.
4. Pharaoh	A title of the ancient Egyptian kings.
5. Amum-Ra	The sun god.
6. Horus	God of the sky.
7. Anubis	Guardian of the tombs and patron of embalmers.
8. Hathor	Goddess of love, joy, and music.
9. Isis	Wife of Osiris and goddess of fertility.
10. Osiris	God of the dead and agriculture.

UNIT 10. GREECE

The unit devoted to Greece marks the start of study of the major Classical civilisations. It is structured in the same way as previous units. Firstly, there is analysis of the physical environment and the main historical events divided by period: colonisation in the Archaic period; Persian and Peloponnesian wars in the Classical period; and territorial expansion in the Hellenistic period. It then deals with political organisation, focusing on the differences between oligarchy and democracy; the main features of economic and social organisation; aspects of daily life, with in-depth analysis of life in Athens in the V century BC; the main gods; cultural contributions, such as philosophy and theatre; and artistic manifestations, having created the architectural and sculptural models which have influenced artists ever since.

1. Hellada	The territory covered by ancient Greek civilisation.
2. Hellene	Belonging to Greek civilisation, sharing the same culture, language and religion.
3. Poleis	Independent city-states of ancient Greece, consisting of an urban centre and the territory surrounding it.
4. Colonisation	Population and occupation of a territory.
5. Metropolis	Place or city of origin, where colonisation comes from.
6. Oligarchy	A small group of people having control of a country or organization.
7. Democracy	Control of an organization or group by the majority of its members.
8. Slaves	A person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them.
9. Myths	Accounts of the deeds of their gods and heroes.
10. Columns	Architectural elements used as a support or fixture.